水分胁迫对不同抗旱型玉米自交系苗期生长的影响

通过水分胁迫处理对不同抗旱型玉米自交系苗期的影响研究,为抗旱育种选择自交系提供选择参考。采用人工控水的方法,研究干旱胁迫对夏玉米抗旱型和对敏感型自交系苗期株高、地上部和地下部分干重、叶面积、比叶重、叶绿素和净光合速等的影响。结果表明：不同抗旱型自交系苗期对水分胁迫的响应不同。抗旱玉米自交系从5叶期开始在干旱胁迫期间的株高、地上部和地下部分干重、叶面积、叶绿素和净光合速率等指标均高于对水分敏感的玉米自交系,且比叶重相对稳定。这表明干旱条件下,抗旱型自交系较普通自交系在苗期能够表现出更好的适应性,本研究对加强抗旱自交系的筛选和选育,进一步提高耐旱节水玉米新品种选择效率具有一定参考价值。     

接骨木无性系苗期干旱胁迫响应及抗旱性综合评价

为揭示不同种接骨木无性系的抗旱性,探讨其对干旱环境的适应能力,为干旱瘠薄山地造林提供材料。采用盆栽法进行自然干旱胁迫试验,运用主成分分析对不同处理下各无性系生理指标进行综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,无性系PT-1的生物量增量最大,PT-2的根冠比最大。在干旱胁迫逐增情况下,细胞膜透性逐增,当干旱达到中、重度时,无性系PT-1和PT-2的细胞膜透性最小。叶绿素含量及超氧化物岐化酶活性均随干旱程度增加呈先增后降趋势。随干旱胁迫增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸均随之增大。在重度干旱胁迫下,无性系PT-1的可溶性糖含量最大。主成分分析得出,各无性系抗旱能力由强到弱为：XY-2、JY-1、XY-1、XY-3、PT-1、PT-3、PT-2。其中,XY-2、JY-1具有较强抗旱性,可初步作为抗旱材料进行后续研究。     

甘蔗与蔗茅杂交亲本及后代材料的抗旱性鉴定

研究旨在筛选出优良抗旱育种材料,为今后甘蔗抗旱育种和抗旱栽培技术提供重要的理论依据。采用盆栽干旱处理,测定蔗茅野生种无性系、甘蔗栽培品种（系）及其杂交后代共12份材料苗期与抗旱相关的8项生理生化指标,利用极点排序法对供试材料的抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,12份供试材料的Pro、MDA、SS及PMP均呈上升趋势,SP、Chl和SOD活性呈下降趋势,CAT活性有升有降。极点排序法分析表明,12个供试材料的抗旱强弱为：‘蔗茅99-2’>‘蔗茅99-1’>‘蔗茅99-4’>‘蔗茅I91-8’>‘蔗茅99-3’>‘蔗茅90-29’>‘滇蔗01-58’>‘滇蔗04-14’>‘滇蔗02-39’>‘蔗茅II91-2’>‘新台糖10’>‘崖城89-9’,说明蔗茅优质抗旱性状可以通过基因渗透方式传递给后代。在苗期干旱胁迫下,‘蔗茅99-2’在渗透调节等方面表现出积极的生理响应。     

铅(Pb2+)和镉(Cd2+)对火炬树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

【目的】研究不同浓度重金属铅(Pb^2+)和镉(Cd^2+)对火炬树Rhus typhina种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,探索火炬树对重金属铅、镉胁迫的耐受程度及机理。【方法】采用培养皿滤纸发芽法,分别用不同浓度Pb^2+(300、600、900、1200、1500 mmol/L)、Cd^2+(140、280、420、560、700 mmol/L)溶液处理火炬树种子,测定种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗胚根长和茎长、硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及过氧化物酶(POD)活性。【结果】与对照相比,不同浓度Pb^2+、Cd^2+均对火炬树种子的发芽率、发芽指数和幼苗生长有抑制作用,但低浓度Pb^2+可促进根长和芽长的伸长。随着Pb^2+和Cd^2+溶液浓度的增加,幼苗叶片中SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量表现为先增加后降低,POD活性和TBARS含量均逐渐升高。其中,Cd^2+浓度为700 mmol/L时,发芽率、发芽指数、芽长和SOD活性达到最低值,而TBARS含量最高;Pb^2+浓度为1500 mmol/L时,根长达到最低值,POD活性达到最高值;Pb^2+浓度为600 mmol/L时,可溶性蛋白含量最高。【结论】Pb^2+浓度为300 mmol/L时会抑制火炬树种子萌发,但会促进幼苗生长,其余浓度Pb^2+、Cd^2+胁迫下,火炬树种子与幼苗受到一定影响,但是均较好完成了萌发与幼苗生长,并表现出多种积极的适应性特征,未出现无根苗现象,火炬树较其他木本植物对铅、镉2种重金属表现出更强的耐性。本试验结果可为今后选用火炬树作为重金属污染土壤的植物修复材料提供理论参考。     

橡胶树优树无性系自然越冬过程生理指标变化研究

以橡胶树5个人工杂交子代优树无性系苗木为材料，通过自然越冬低温处理，以抗寒品种GT1为对照，测定了5个时间梯度下10个生理指标的变化过程，并利用隶属函数法对各无性系抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明，整个自然越冬过程中各无性系间相对含水量、相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧阴离子（OFR）、氨基酸（AA）、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标差异均达到了极显著（P<0.01）水平；温度较高时各无性系间丙二醛（MDA）含量差异未达到显著水平。自然越冬过程中，各生理指标呈现不同的变化规律，其中相对含水量和脯氨酸含量呈先降后升变化，SOD、POD酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量呈“升—降—升”变化，相对电导率、MDA和可溶性糖含量呈“降—升—降”变化、OFR含量呈先升后降、AA含量呈“降—升—降—升”变化。各无性系间抗寒性差异较明显，应用隶属函数法综合评价抗寒性由强到弱依次为629号＞626号＞182号＞223号＞GT1（对照）＞628号。     

Dietary organic acids blend alone or in combination with an essential oil on the survival,growth, gut/liver structure and de hemato‐immunological in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of organic acids blend (OAB) alone or in combination with essential oil, Lippia origanoides (OAE) for Nile tilapia fed supplemented diets for 30 days. Fish (1.1 ± 0.04 g) were fed control (Control), or OAB 0.5% or OAB 0.5% + essential oil 0.125% (OAE) respectively. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected for de hemato‐immunological, histological analysis of the intestine and liver, as well as microbiology of the intestine. The pH of the diets supplemented with OAB and OAE reduced 0.92 and 0.19 respectively. The growth and FCR were unaffected by the treatments, but survival was significantly higher in the OAB treatment. Fish fed the OAB diet showed reduced concentration of total heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas sp. in the intestine. Increased glucose in fish fed OAB and high number of circulating monocytes in fish fed OAE diet were observed. The anterior intestine of fish fed OAE diet showed larger number of goblet cells and increased villi height. The diet supplemented with OAB, mainly, improved the intestinal health and survival of tilapia juveniles and can be used in juvenile production.     

Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions, as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions. In this study, the normalized sap flow (SF_n), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (g_s), and photosynthetic rate (P_r) were monitored for two dominant species, i.e., Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau. A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds (R^L) for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm, respectively, and the time lags (τ) after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species, respectively. The results indicated that P. tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H. rhamnoides. In addition, strong stomatal control allowed P. tabuliformis to experience low g_s and P_r in response to drought, while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential (Ψ_m). However, H. rhamnoides maintained high g_s and P_r at a low Ψ_m expense. Therefore, P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species, respectively. In mixed plantation, the values of R^L for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively; and the values of τ were 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species, respectively, which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species, especially for P. tabuliformis. In addition, mixed afforestation significantly reduced SF_n, g_s, and P_r for P. tabuliformis (P<0.05), while maintaining a high leaf water potential status. However, no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H. rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought. Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species, the altered water consumption characteristics, especially for P. tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.     

金花茶对低温胁迫的生理响应及耐寒性分析

为探究金花茶幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应及其耐寒性,本研究以2 a生金花茶幼苗为材料,进行6~-9℃低温胁迫处理,测定了细胞伤害率(CIR)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、束缚水(BW)/自由水(FW)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)等指标,并进行了低温半致死温度(LT₅₀)和抗寒生理指标相关性分析。结果表明,3~12 h的低温LT₅₀为-6.62~-3.94℃,且随着时间的延长而升高。随着温度的降低, CIR、SS含量及POD、CAT活性总体呈上升趋势, BW/FW、MDA、Pro含量呈先上升后下降趋势, SOD活性总体呈下降趋势;随着胁迫时间的延长,CIR含量呈上升趋势,3~-9℃的SOD活性、0~-9℃的POD活性、-6~-9℃的BW/FW比值呈下降趋势,6~-6℃的SS含量变化较小,-9℃的SS含量呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,CIR可作为耐寒性鉴定的主要指标,BW、SS、SOD、POD、CAT可作为辅助指标。本研究结果为金花茶引种区域和耐寒性鉴定指标的确定提供了理论依据。     

Effects of dietary protein on growth performance,nutrient utilization,digestive enzymes and physiological status of grey mullet,Mugil cephalus L. fingerlings reared in inland saline water

A 60 days feeding trial was conducted to illustrate the effect of graded levels of protein on the growth and metabolic enzymes of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) fingerlings reared in inland saline water (ISW). Six isoenergetic (16 MJ/kg) and isolipidic (60 g/kg) diets containing 240, 260, 280, 300, 320 and 340 g crude protein (CP)/kg diet were formulated and fed to triplicate. Weight gain %, specific growth rate, protein utilizing efficiency, feed efficiency and RNA:DNA ratio were significantly higher (p < .05) in 320 and 300 g CP/kg diets. Fish fed with 240 g CP/kg diet showed significantly higher (p < .05) feed intake, whole‐body lipid content, hepatosomatic index value and liver glycogen content. Transaminase enzymes and malate dehydrogenase activities were elevated in fish fed 340 g CP/kg diet. Protease activity increased with increasing dietary CP level, but amylase activities showed an inverse relationship. No significant (p > .05) variations were observed for lactate dehydrogenase, oxidative stress enzymes, blood parameters and serum osmolality among all the treatment groups, but red blood cell count increases with increasing dietary CP levels. Based on the results, feeding dietary protein level of 300 g CP/kg is economically viable for rearing of grey mullet in ISW.     

脂肪含量对再制片状干酪品质的影响

研究不同脂肪含量和脂肪替代物对再制片状干酪品质的影响。对5 种不同脂肪含量再制片状干酪的基本理化指标、色泽、质构和感官品质进行测定和评估。结果表明：5 种不同脂肪含量的再制片状干酪pH值、蛋白质和脂肪含量存在显著性差异，酶解浓缩黄油的添加对再制片状干酪亮度值、红度值和黄度值均有明显影响；用酶解浓缩黄油替代全部黄油的减脂50%干酪全质构特性与其他组样品有差异，酶解浓缩黄油部分替代黄油制备的4号减脂干酪全质构特性除凝聚性、回复性外，与1～3号干酪无显著差异；通过感官评定发现，酶解浓缩黄油替代全部黄油的减脂50%干酪（5号）感官评分最低，酶解浓缩黄油部分替代黄油的减脂50%干酪（4号）风味和滋味有所增强，总体得分与全脂干酪产品无显著差异。因此通过降低黄油含量，并添加酶解浓缩黄油可提升减脂再制片状干酪的品质。